Its letter-text is not superb, however, and contradicts its own masoretic apparatus in many hundreds of places. In its vocalization system (vowel points and cantillation) it is considered by scholars to be the most faithful representative of ben Asher's tradition apart from the Aleppo Codex (edited by ben Asher himself). Unusual for a masoretic codex, the same man (Samuel ben Jacob) wrote the consonants, the vowels and the Masoretic notes. It has been claimed to be a product of the ben Asher scriptorium itself however, there is no evidence that ben Asher ever saw it. Leningrad Codex text sample, portions of Exodus 15:21-16:3Īccording to its colophon, the codex was copied in Cairo from manuscripts written by Aaron ben Moses ben Asher.
#Oldest hebrew manuscripts full
The full order of the books is given below. In the Leningrad Codex, the order of the Ketuvim is: Chronicles, Psalms, Job, Proverbs, Ruth, Song of Songs, Ecclesiastes, Lamentations, Esther, Daniel, Ezra-Nehemiah.
This order for the books differs markedly from that of most printed Hebrew bibles for the books of the Ketuvim. The order of the books in the Leningrad Codex follows the Tiberian textual tradition, which is also that of the later tradition of Sephardic biblical manuscripts. The carpet page shows a star with the names of the scribes on the edges and a blessing written in the middle. Sixteen of the pages contain decorative geometric patterns that illuminate passages from the text. The Leningrad Codex, in extraordinarily pristine condition after a millennium, also provides an example of medieval Jewish art. The codex is written on parchment and bound in leather. There are also various technical supplements dealing with textual and linguistic details, many of which are painted in geometrical forms. In addition, there are masoretic notes in the margins. The biblical text as found in the codex contains the Hebrew letter-text along with Tiberian vowels and cantillation signs. Heb B 3) which is even older (916 CE), but contains only the later Prophets. This is ambiguous as, since 1876, these appellations refer to a different biblical codex (MS. Nonetheless, the Codex is occasionally referred to as the Codex Petersburgensis or Codex Petropolitanus, or the St. Although the city's name was restored to the original St Petersburg after the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, the National Library of Russia requested that "Leningrad" be retained in the name of the codex. In 1924, after the Russian Revolution, Petrograd (formerly Saint Petersburg) was renamed Leningrad, and, because the codex was used as the basic text for the Biblia Hebraica since 1937, it became internationally known as the "Leningrad Codex". The Leningrad Codex (a codex is a handwritten book bound at one side, as opposed to a scroll) is so named because it has been housed at the National Library of Russia in Saint Petersburg since 1863 (before 1917 named Imperial Public Library). It also serves as a primary source for the recovery of details in the missing parts of the Aleppo Codex. In modern times, the Leningrad Codex is significant as the Hebrew text reproduced in Biblia Hebraica (1937), Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia (1977), and Biblia Hebraica Quinta (2004–present). The Aleppo Codex is several decades older, but parts of it have been missing since the 1947 anti-Jewish riots in Aleppo, making the Leningrad Codex the oldest complete codex of the Tiberian mesorah that has survived intact to this day. Kahle argues that the Leningrad manuscript was more likely based on other, lost manuscripts by the ben Asher family.
Some have proposed that the Leningrad Codex was corrected against the Aleppo Codex, a slightly earlier manuscript that was partially lost in the 20th century. According to its colophon, it was made in Cairo in 1008 CE (or possibly 1009). The Leningrad Codex ( Latin: Codex Leningradensis Hebrew: כתב יד לנינגרד) is the oldest complete manuscript of the Hebrew Bible in Hebrew, using the Masoretic Text and Tiberian vocalization.
#Oldest hebrew manuscripts free
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